Inside the semicircular canals are hair-like structures called cilia. The fluid within this system moves correspondingly with head movement. Parts of the vestibule are projections known as the semicircular canals. The fluid within the cochlea transmits the pressure waves to the auditory nerve, which in turn, sends signals to the brain that are interpreted as sound. Since this is a closed system, when the oval window is pushed inward, the round window pushes outward. The stapes (the last bone in the chain) strikes the oval window of the cochlea. The pressure waves cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate, which causes the auditory ossicles to move simultaneously in response. Pressure waves transmitted by air or water are funneled by the pinna and the ear canal to the tympanic membrane. Balance, vertical orientation and acceleration: The semicircular canals are responsible for providing some of the “sensors” that help us control balance, position and three-axis acceleration.Auditory: The cochlea transduces the mechanical waves of sound into electrical impulses for the brain.Inner ear: The inner ear is a sensory organ, it is part of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and it has a dual function:.the three auditory ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes.Middle ear: Essentially an air-filled cavity in between the tympanic membrane and the inner ear.External ear: The ear itself and the ear canal until the tympanic membrane.The cochlea and the vestibule are the origin of the auditory and vestibular nerves. The inner ear, or labyrinth, includes the cochlea (hearing organ) and the vestibule and semicircular canals (balance organs). This is accomplished by moving air in or out through the Eustachian tubes, which connect the throat to the middle ear, using equalization techniques such as the Valsalva maneuver. The middle-ear space is filled with air at ambient pressure, which needs to be equalized when ambient pressure changes (as occurs in diving or flying). It includes three tiny bones (auditory ossicles) forming the chain attached to the eardrum on one side and to the oval window membrane on the inner-ear side. It is separated from the ear canal by the eardrum and connected to the throat via the Eustachian tube. The middle ear is a cavity in a temporal bone lined with a thin layer of tissue similar to that found in the nose and throat. The lining of the external ear is skin rich with glands that produce earwax. The external ear includes the pinna (auricle) and the ear canal up to the eardrum (tympanic membrane), which separates it from the middle ear. It consists of a cavity in the skull structure lined with soft tissue, which encloses three distinctive spaces filled with air or liquid (external, middle and inner ear) these distinctive spaces host both sound transmission mechanisms and sensory apparatuses. Tabacca NE, Cole LK, Hillier A et al (2011) Epithelial migration on the canine tympanic membrane.The ear is the organ of hearing and balance. Stout-Graham M et al (1990) Morphologic measurements of the external horizontal ear canal of dogs. In: McCarthy T (ed) Veterinary endoscopy for the small animal practitioner, vol 10, 2nd edn. Paterson S, Tobias K (2013) Atlas of ear diseases of the dog and cat. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 42(6):1.109 Najaa BL, Cole LK, Tabacca N (2012) Practical otic anatomy and physiology of the dog and cat. Lee J et al (2006) Ultrasonographic evaluation of the external ear canal and tympanic membrane in dogs. In: Gotthelf NL (ed) Small animal ear disease, vol 1, 2nd edn. Kumar A (2005) Anatomy of the canine and feline ear. Johnson A, Hawke M (1986) An ink impregnation study of the migratory skin in the external auditory canal of the guinea-pig. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 34(2):379 In: Harvey RG, Harari J, Delauchea J (eds) Ear diseases of the dog and cat, vol 9. Harvey RG, Harari J, Delauchea J (2001) The normal ear. Griffin C (2009) Otitis: anatomy every practitioner should know. Ghibaudo G (2010) Principi di video-otoendoscopia nel cane e nel gatto. In: Evans HE, De Lahunt AA (eds) Miller’s anatomy of the dog, 4th edn. Vet Dermatol 18:464Įvans HE, De Lahunt AA (2013) The ear. Louis, MO, pp 587–605Ĭole LK, Weisbrode SE, Smeak DD (2007) Variation in gross and histological appearance of the canine pars flaccida. In: Tams TR, Rawlings CA (eds) Small animal endoscopy, vol 20, 3rd edn. Vet Dermatol 20(5–6):412Ĭole LK (2010) Anatomy and physiology of the canine ear. Louis, MO, p 319Ĭole LK (2009) Anatomy and physiology of the canine ear. In: August JR (ed) Consultations in feline internal medicine, vol 6. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 34:437īloom PB (2010) Anatomy of the ear in health and disease. Bischoff MG, Kneller SK (2004) Diagnostic imaging of the canine and feline ear.
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